Hygienist Karl Kißkalt (1875-1962): Eh. Pettenkofer-Ak Munich 1947 An W. Goetz

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Hygienist Karl Kißkalt (1875-1962): Eh. Pettenkofer-Ak Munich 1947 An W. Goetz The description of this item has been automatically translated. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us.

You are bidding on oneHandwritten, signed postcard of physicians, hygienists and university teachers Karl Kisskalt (1875-1962).

Written on a postcard with a portrait of the hygienist Max von Pettenkofer (1818-1901) . At that time, Karl Kisskalt lived on Pettenkoferstrasse in Munich; he was also from 1 929 Editor of the "Archive for Hygiene and Bacteriology" founded by Max von Pettenkofer.

postmark Munich, April 6, 1947 (year somewhat difficult to read).

addressed to the historians, journalists and politicians prof Walter Goetz (1867-1958) in Graefelfing.

Transcription: "Dear colleague! Thank you for your message and what you have sent. I'm just trying to get memories from Rubner's daughters from his time in Munich. With best regards, your Kisskalt."

Note: What is meant is the physician, physiologist and hygienist Max Rubner (1854-1932) , who habilitated in Munich in 1883 and worked under Karl Kißkalt around 1910 at the Charité.

Postcard made of strong photo paper.

Format: 14.7 x 10.5 cm.

Condition: Map bent and slightly stained, corners bumped. Please also note the pictures!

Internal note: Riep20-01-13

About Karl Kißkalt, Walter Goetz, Max Rubner and Max von Pettenkofer (source: wikipedia):

Karl Kisskalt (* 30. December 1875 in Würzburg; † 2 March 1962 in Munich) was a German physician, hygienist and university lecturer.

Life: Karl Kißkalt studied medicine at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin and the Julius-Maximilians-Universität in Würzburg. In 1895 he became a member of the Corps Bavaria Würzburg.[1] After completing his studies, he worked from 1899 to 1901 as an assistant at the Hygiene Institute in Würzburg with Karl Bernhard Lehmann. He then went to the Hessian Ludwigs University to see Georg Gaffky, with whom he habilitated in 1903. After Gaffky was appointed to the Robert Koch Institute in 1904, he worked for Hermann Kossel until 1906. He moved to Max Rubner at the Charité and stayed there with his successor Carl Flügge until he was offered a professorship in hygiene at the Albertus University in Königsberg in 1912. In 1917 he accepted a professorship at the Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, in 1924 at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Bonn and in 1925 at the University of Munich. In 1950 he retired. In Königsberg, Kiel and Munich he was dean of the medical faculty. In the academic year 1921/22 he was rector of the University of Kiel.

He belonged to the Society for Racial Hygiene and was, among other things, co-editor of the Munich Medical Weekly. He joined the NSDAP in 1937. In 1944 he was a member of the scientific advisory board of Karl Brandt, the authorized representative for health care. He retired in 1950.

In his work, Kißkalt dealt with bacteriology as well as environmental and social hygiene. From 1929 he was editor of the archive for hygiene and bacteriology founded by Max von Pettenkofer.

His brother was the General Director of Munich Re Wilhelm Kißkalt.

awards

Appointment to the Privy Medical Council

Member of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina

Member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences

Honorary member of the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin

Honorary member of the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology

Honorary member of the Austrian Society for Hygiene and Microbiology

Honorary member of the Munich Medical Association

1955: Great Cross of Merit of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

1959: Bavarian Order of Merit

Honorary Senator of the University of Kiel

Walter Wilhelm Goetz (* 11. November 1867 in Lindenau near Leipzig; † 30 October 1958 in Adelholzen in Upper Bavaria and buried in Gräfelfing near Munich) was a German historian, publicist and politician (DDP).

Life: The son of the doctor and leader of the German gymnastics movement Ferdinand Goetz studied until 1886 at the humanistic Thomas School in Leipzig. He then studied law at the University of Freiburg, art history at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich and economics with Lujo Brentano at the University of Leipzig. In Munich he joined the Munichia gymnastics club in the Coburg Convent. Together with Konrad Bahr, he wrote the "Munich History", which describes the development of the Munichia gymnastics association from its foundation until the 1920s.[1] In 1890 he received his doctorate in history from Wilhelm Maurenbrecher. phil. received his doctorate with the dissertation Die Wahl Maximilian II. to the German king in 1562. In 1895 he habilitated in general history with Karl Lamprecht. After temporarily continuing his studies in Leipzig for his habilitation on Duke Albrecht V in the first decade of his reign, he habilitated in Munich in 1901. From 1895 to 1901 he worked as a lecturer in history at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Leipzig.

He married the daughter of the Munich history professor Moriz Ritter. Acquaintances such as those with the historian Karl Brandi or with Luise von Druffel, in whose house he lived (see August von Druffel), were also important for Goetz. In 1905 he became a full professor at the University of Tübingen (successor to Georg von Below), in 1913 at the University of Strasbourg (successor to Harry Bresslau) and in 1915 for cultural and universal history in Leipzig, where he succeeded Karl Lamprecht in the institute he had founded for Cultural and Universal History until his retirement from the academic faculty. He was also dean of the philosophical faculty in 1929/30.

Goetz was politically involved in the National Social Association around Friedrich Naumann. He worked for the magazine Die Hilfe and was friends with Theodor Heuss and Ludwig Curtius. He was a member of the Reichstag from 1920 to 1928 as a member of the German Democratic Party. His support for the republic was resented by those in power during the National Socialist era. Goetz did not break off his contacts with Jewish colleagues - including his students Alfred von Martin and Hans Baron - and instead campaigned for them in accordance with his humanistic attitude. In 1933, after he had already applied for retirement for reasons of age, he was forced to retire due to the law for the restoration of the civil service combined with a reduction in his pension, against which he appealed. Six months later, the decision was reversed and Goetz retired with full pay. After the war he became an adjunct professor and from 1952 honorary professor in Munich. From 1946 to 1951 he was also President of the Historical Commission at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences (member since 1904). In the last years of his life, Goetz worked on the conception of the Neue Deutsche Biographie, the first volumes of which were published shortly before his death.

Goetz participated in the processing of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. From 1927 to 1949 he was chairman of the German Dante Society. He had been a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich since 1947. He was also a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences from 1930. Here he was able to continue and publish his studies on the Italian Renaissance. His son Helmut Goetz, born in 1920, also became a historian and worked for many years at the German Historical Institute in Rome.

In addition to his academic career, Goetz was also a reserve officer in the Bavarian Army. He initially served as a one-year volunteer in WW1. Infanterie-Regiment "König" and made it to Major in 1910. During World War I he became a battalion commander and was deployed on the western front. Nevertheless, in 1917 he campaigned for a peace agreement with State Secretary Richard von Kühlmann.

Research: Goetz achieved his most important research results in the history of the Counter-Reformation, modern history and the Italian Renaissance. The study of Italian cities in the Middle Ages as well as Dante Alighieri and Francis of Assisi were of particular importance to him. His view of the age is essentially determined by his cultural-historical tendencies and by Jacob Burckhardt. Goetz also worked on art historical themes of the Italian Renaissance. In addition to Burckhardt, there is also an influence here through studying with Anton Springer in Leipzig. The after-effect of Georg Voigt is less pronounced in Goetz, although he was well aware of its importance. Lamprecht also influenced him, although Goetz' position differs significantly from his view of cultural history. Disputes have arisen here in a scientific and institutional context, not least with the cultural historian Georg Steinhausen about his view of history.

With Goetz' retirement, a long-standing interest in Italian Renaissance humanism in Leipzig came to an end, which had begun with Voigt and to which Alfred Doren had also contributed with his contributions to the economic history of the time. The area never again gained a comparable importance in Leipzig.

In his studies of Francis of Assisi and Dante, Goetz found the motifs that clearly distinguish the Renaissance era from that of the Middle Ages to be groundbreaking. But it was clear to him that many of the things that happened in the 14th Century with the return to antiquity appeared, were already created in the Middle Ages. Francis of Assisi was also an essential part of his collaboration with the theologian and historian Paul Sabatier, with whom he corresponded extensively for many years.

Herbert Grundmann is one of Goetz' most important students in the field of medieval studies.

However, Goetz also remained involved in research into the history of the Reformation, particularly in Bavaria. He continued to publish on Albrecht V of Bavaria.

In his capacity as director of the Leipzig Institute for Cultural and Universal History, Goetz has published the journal Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, founded by Georg Steinhausen, since 1912. In the course of working through the history leading up to the First World War, Walter Goetz also gave the letters to Kaiser Wilhelm II that had been found in Russia in 1920. to Tsar Nicholas II. out.

With Karl Brandi, Goetz continued the publication of the contributions to the history of the Reich and to the Landsberger Bund. Goetz was also able to access the copies and excerpts by Maurenbrecher, which he made or copied in Simancas. had it made and which was handed over to Goetz and the then director of the Leipzig University Library, Julius Benno Hilliger, by his widow Mary Maurenbrecher. A large part of the copies of the documents is preserved in the Leipzig University Library, so that insights into Goetzsche's selection criteria for his volume are also possible. In 1928 or 1929, Hilliger incorporated this estate into the holdings of the manuscript department of the university library.[3]

Works: Contributions to the history of Duke Albrecht V. and the Landsberger Bund 1556-1598 (= letters and files on the history of the sixteenth century, tl. 5), Munich 1898.

Contributions to the history of Duke Albrecht V and the so-called Nobility conspiracy of 1563 (= letters and files on the history of the sixteenth century, tl. 6), edited together with Leonhard Theobald, Munich 1913.

Sources for intellectual history of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, 4 vols., Leipzig 1928-1936.

Italy in the Middle Ages, 2 vols., Leipzig 1942.

historian in my time. Collected Essays. The essays from the years 1912 to 1955 for the 90th Birthday of Walter Goetz, ed. by Herbert Grundmann, Cologne-Graz 1957.

(Ed.) Letters of Wilhelm II. to the Tsar 1894-1914, Ullstein, Berlin 1920.

(Ed.) Propylaea World History. The development of mankind in society and state, economy and intellectual life, 10 vols., Berlin 1929-33.

Max Rubner (* 2. June 1854 in Munich; † 27 April 1932 in Berlin) was a German physician, physiologist and hygienist.

Family: His father Johann Nepomuk Rubner was a locksmith and ironmonger. His mother Barbara, b. Showers came from Augsburg. Rubner was with Helene, daughter of the royal. Oberbaurat Karl Ritter von Leimbach from Munich, who died in 1915. The marriage produced two daughters and two sons. Johanna Quandt was one of his five grandchildren.

Education and career: Rubner attended the humanistic Max-Gymnasium in Munich and Sunday lectures at an industrial school. At the age of 15 he already owned a microscope and chemical apparatus. After graduating from high school, he studied medicine from 1873 to 1877 at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich with Adolf von Baeyer, in whose chemical laboratory he worked, and with the physiologist Carl von Voit. During his studies he became a member of the AGV Munich in the Sondershäuser Association.[1] He received his doctorate in 1878 with a thesis on the use of nutrients in the intestine. He remained an unpaid assistant at Voit until 1880. Here Rubner developed a new concept for researching the bioenergetics of metabolism. 1880/81 followed an academic year at the Physiological Institute of Carl Ludwig in Leipzig, where he continued his studies on the determination of nutrient energy levels in the body. In 1883 he habilitated in Munich with a thesis on the calorific value of nutrients in the subject of physiology and over the next two years presented his completely new concepts of energy conservation, the validity of the law of conservation of energy in the animal organism, the isodynamic relationship of the nutrient calorific values ​​and the energy loss through heat radiation and evaporation according to surface law. The calorimetric determination of the energy of the basic nutrients that the body can use, the so-called physiological calorific value, goes back to Rubner: carbohydrates or Protein corresponds to an energy intake of 1,717 kJ/100 g (410 kcal/100 g) and fat to an energy intake of 3,894 kJ/100 g (930 kcal/100 g), whereby these nutrients can energetically replace each other ("isodynamics").

In 1885 Rubner accepted a professorship for hygiene and state medicine at the University of Marburg, first as an associate professor and then in 1887 as a full professor. He was convinced at the time that hygiene was just applied physiology. In Marburg he carried out work on heat regulation, body surface and metabolism ("Biological Laws"). In 1891, Rubner took over the chair for hygiene at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, succeeding Robert Koch. In 1905 a large new institute was set up for him and in 1909 he moved to the chair of physiology as the successor to Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann. In 1909 he was chairman of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians. From 1913 to 1926 Rubner was also director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Occupational Physiology in Berlin, which he co-founded. Several academic institutions emerged from this foundation: the Institute for Occupational Research (today: Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology) in Dortmund and the Chair for Occupational Medicine at the Institute for Occupational Medicine at the Charité in Berlin. Numerous works on nutritional physiology and metabolism were created here, including the hygienic effects of clothing, climate, air, water, housing and temperature through to questions of the nutrition of entire populations. As part of calorimetric research, he described the specific dynamic effect of organic nutrients and the surface law (basic calculability of the energy turnover of an organism according to its body surface).

Achievements: In 1894 Rubner had established the validity of the principle of energy conservation in living organisms and from 1896 to 1903 he clarified the influence of hypothermia on metabolism and of heat (heat conduction, radiation, evaporation) on energy losses. In addition, he spent years researching the calorie requirements of certain professions. Rubner coined the terms "protein minimum" (minimum daily protein intake to maintain the balance between nitrogen uptake and excretion) and "attrition rate" (daily nitrogen loss without protein uptake). Rubner defined 100 g of protein per day as the “hygienic protein minimum” for adults (1914). According to Rubner, lifespan is a function of energy consumption.

During World War I, Rubner was active in the field of national nutrition, examining questions of changing dietary habits due to increasing urbanization and social change, and the consequences of the Allied blockade (famine) on the civilian population (1918). During the last years of his life, based on research results on nutrition and metabolism, he expanded his subject matter to include comprehensive human problems: world nutrition, struggle for survival, hunger, malnutrition, illness, poor living and health conditions.

Rubner was notoriously withdrawn and possessed a sense of sarcastic humor. As a researcher, he was meticulous and inventive, designing calorimetric apparatus himself. Rubner can be considered the founder of scientific nutritional physiology, physical-chemical, experimental hygiene and scientific occupational physiology, occupational medicine and applied physiology.

Honors:

1906 member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1919 secretary of the physical.-math. Great)

1914 corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences[2]

as well as a member of numerous other academies (Austria, Norway, Sweden, Finland) as well

1924 of the American National Academy of Sciences

Honorary Member of the English Physiological Society

1930 Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art

1932 election as a member of the Leopoldina[3]

1960 Namesake for Rubner Peak in Antarctica

Pettenkofer Prize for Hygiene from the Bavarian Academy of Sciences,

Honorary doctorate from the University of Kristiana, Oslo.

From 1987 to 2011 his grave in the Parkfriedhof Lichterfelde was a grave of honor for the city of Berlin.

awards

Secret medical officer

The Max Rubner Institute (MRI), Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, is named after the physiologist.

The Max Rubner Prize of the German Society for Nutrition is awarded every four years.

Currently, three bacteria have been named in honor of Max Rubner: Streptococcus rubneri, Enteroscipio rubneri and Rubneribacter badeniensis

Max Josef Pettenkofer, since 1883 by Pettenkofer (* 3. December 1818 in Lichtenheim near Neuburg on the Danube; † 10 February 1901 in Munich) was a Bavarian chemist. He founded the Hygiene Institute, which was posthumously named after him, and is considered the first hygienist in Germany.

Life: Pettenkofer was born on the Einödhof Lichtenheim near Lichtenau on the northern edge of the old Bavarian Donaumoos as the fifth of eight children of the farmer Johann Baptist Pettenkofer (1786-1844) and his wife Barbara Pettenkofer (1786-1837).[2][3] The family circumstances were very poor. To attend school he was given to Munich in the care of his uncle Franz Xaver Pettenkofer, who was the royal Bavarian court and personal pharmacist. In 1837 Max Pettenkofer passed the matriculation examination at the Munich Old Gymnasium.[4] He began studying natural sciences, pharmacy and, from 1841, medicine and chemistry at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich. It was also his uncle with whom Max did an apprenticeship as a pharmacist from 1839. He then continued his studies in 1841 and graduated in 1843 with a doctorate in medicine, surgery and obstetrics. At the same time he was licensed to practice as a pharmacist. His first publication came out in 1842. In it he described a method for detecting arsenic and for separating arsenic and antimony. He then worked in chemistry at the Julius Maximilians University in Würzburg and then moved to the Hessian Ludwigs University in the laboratory of Justus von Liebig.

In June 1845 he married his cousin Helene (1819–1890).[2] The marriage produced five children, three of whom died prematurely.[5] Maximilian Pettenkofer (1853-1881) and his daughter Anna married developed independently. Riediger (1838-1882).

Since Max Pettenkofer was unable to find a job after completing his studies in Gießen, he returned to Munich and initially devoted himself to poetry. The result was the "Chemical Sonets", which appeared in printed form in 1890. In 1845 he accepted a position at the Bavarian Main Mint. Here he dealt with processes for the refined extraction of gold, silver and platinum when coining the crown thaler. In 1847 he was appointed associate professor for pathological-chemical investigations at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU). His lectures from this period were entitled "Dietetic-physiological chemistry" and "Public health care". Important inventions from this period were his proposals for an improved method of manufacturing cement in 1849.[6] A year earlier he had invented the copper amalgam tooth filling. When his uncle died in 1850, he also took over the management of the court pharmacy. "Liebig's meat extract" was successfully produced and sold here. In 1852 he was able to Maximilian II. Induce Joseph (Bavaria) to appoint Justus von Liebig to Munich. In the same year, Pettenkofer became a full professor. In 1862 he took part in a very successful company. It imported meat extract from Uruguay under the name Liebigs Extract of Meat Company, based in London. In the years 1864/65 he held the office of rector of the University of Munich. In the same year he became the first German professor of hygiene in Munich and the first to hold a chair in this subject;[1] from 1876 to 1879 the first hygiene institute was built.

Max Pettenkofer wore Ludwig II. (Bavaria) at a private audience in 1865, presented his ideas on how to keep people healthy and urban hygiene. Ludwig then brought about a ministerial resolution with which the scientific subject "hygiene" was to be September 1865 was appointed to the nominal subject.[7] In the following years he fought for the hygienic sanitation of the city of Munich. By 1883 he had managed to set up an exemplary drinking water supply and an efficient sewage system (floating sewerage system) and thus brought significantly improved living conditions to the city. In 1882, Bavaria's King Max Pettenkofer raised him to the hereditary nobility.

From 1890 to 1899 he was President of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Emeritus at the end of 1893, he also gave up his work at the court pharmacy in 1896. Towards the end of his life, however, he became increasingly marginalized as a scientist because he did not want to acknowledge Robert Koch's bacteriological findings in cholera research.[8] Although he had already put forward the thesis in 1869 that cholera and typhus are caused by specific microorganisms and bad environmental conditions, he was unable to prove it. This was not done until 1892 by Robert Koch (1843-1910), when Pettenkofer tried out a Vibrio culture on himself without becoming too seriously ill.

Plagued by increasing pain and severe depression, Max von Pettenkofer shot himself at the age of 82 in his court pharmacist's apartment in the Munich Residenz.[9] The autopsy revealed chronic meningitis and cerebral sclerosis.

Burial site and estate: His burial site is in the Old Southern Cemetery in Munich (grave field 31 – row 1 – space 33/34) (location).

His legacy is kept in the Bavarian State Library and is scientifically maintained.

Achievements: Pettenkofer's most recognized field of work was the self-defined and content-filled science of hygiene. He established hygiene as an independent area of ​​medicine and also recognized the associated economic aspects. Therefore, he also approached administration and engineers and developed a health technology that was used, for example, in the renovation of Munich. Munich owes its sewage system[11] and a central drinking water supply to Pettenkofer. Towards the end of the 19th At the end of the 19th century, Munich was considered one of the cleanest cities in Europe.

At the beginning of his career, chemistry and physiology were his preferred fields of work. One of Pettenkofer's most important achievements is the discovery of periodic properties in chemical elements (1850). He thus created an essential basis for the development of the periodic table of the elements (according to Mendeleev himself, the work influenced him).[12] He went beyond Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner's triad classification, which was already widespread at the time, and discovered regularities with periods 8 and 16 (in other groups of 5). However, due to a lack of support from the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, he was unable to continue his research. At Justus von Liebig he developed the bile acid test and worked at the royal mint, where he applied improved methods for precious metal smelting and coin production (1848–1849). In 1844, Pettenkofer discovered creatinine, an important metabolite of muscle tissue. In 1857 he described the production of light gas from wood (wood gas) for the cities of Basel and Munich (1851) and examined (around 1860 and later at the Hygiene Institute) together with the physiologist Carl Voit (1831-1908) metabolic balances. From this, the two researchers developed the theory that all living beings are made up of three organic compounds that are essential for nutrition: proteins, fats and carbohydrates.[13] To this day, ventilators are built according to the "Pettenkofer principle". The meat extract developed by Justus von Liebig and Pettenkofer ("soup cube" after Liebig) was produced on an industrial scale with South American beef.

From 1865 he published the Journal of Biology with Carl Voit, the pathologist Ludwig Buhl and the botanist Ludwig Radlkofer.[1] This accompanied Pettenkofer for 18 years as the editor.

Pettenkofer later devoted himself to epidemiology. In contrast to his earlier work, these investigations only have historical value. Pettenkofer did not believe that cholera, which also broke out in Munich in 1854, was caused solely by one pathogen, but rather attributed the main importance to the soil and groundwater conditions (Studies and observations on the spread of cholera, 1855). He held this view for decades, including at scientific "cholera conferences" such as the one in Weimar in 1867, and he maintained it even after Robert Koch's discovery of the pathogen in 1884.[14] In connection with the famous dispute with Robert Koch about the cause of cholera, Pettenkofer swallowed October 1892[15] even a culture of cholera bacteria. He escaped with severe diarrhea, possibly because his illness in July 1854 made him resistant to the pathogen.[2] Pettenkofer took the view that environmental conditions were of far more importance for the development of a disease than the mere presence of pathogens. He and some of his students who repeated the experiment did not become ill or only slightly ill, which confirmed Pettenkofer. However, he was wrong inasmuch as he assumed a certain "contagious element Y" (miasma) which - like a chemical reaction - made the development of a disease possible in the first place.[16] The on-site inspection and extensive statistical recording and evaluation of the epidemic that is common in epidemiology today was introduced by Pettenkofer and his students.

Pettenkofer worked strictly scientifically and experimentally and is considered the founder of experimental hygiene ("conditional hygiene").[1] His investigations into clothing, heating, ventilation, sewerage and water supply also had experimental features. Like his teacher V. Liebig Pettenkofer was a positivist, that is, he only recognized visible facts, for example obtained in experiments, as a source of knowledge.

Pettenkofer made a mistake that still has an impact today, with many people believing that there is a “breathing wall”: when he took early air exchange measurements in a room, he found that after the supposed sealing of all joints, the air exchange rate decreased less than expected. From this he concluded that there was a significant exchange of air through the brick walls. He probably didn't think of sealing the chimney of a stove in the room. According to Pettenkofer, air exchange through the room walls makes a significant contribution to cleaning the room air.

Pettenkofer has published more than 20 monographs and 200 original articles in scientific and medical journals. His merits as the founder of hygiene, pioneer of environmental medicine, experimental field researcher, chemist and nutritional physiologist were and are recognized worldwide. Medicinal chemistry also has him to thank for useful detection methods for arsenic (Marsh's test[17]), sugar and urine components. For his scientific achievements he was honored on 24. January 1900 in the Prussian order Pour le Mérite for science and arts.

The traditional hygienic indoor air value for CO2 is named after Pettenkofer - the Pettenkofer number. Pettenkofer gave their limit as 0.10%.

The monument to Max von Pettenkofer is located on Maximiliansplatz not far from the Wittelsbach fountain

5 DM commemorative coin of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1968 (image side)

Memberships and Honors

Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Associate Member (1846), Full Member (1856), President (1890–1899)

Member of the Leopoldina (1859)

External member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences (1874)[19]

External member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1898)

Bavarian hereditary nobility (1883); Title of Excellence (1896); Order of Merit of the Bavarian Crown (1900)

DVGW Bunsen-Pettenkofer plaque (1900)

honorary citizen of the city of Munich (1872); Golden Citizen Medal of the City of Munich (1893); Gold Medal of the City of Munich (1899)

Member of the Medical Committee (1849)

Member of the informal society in Munich[20] (1852)

Harben Medal of the Royal Institute of Public Health, England (1897); Chemical Society Gold Medal

Designations after Pettenkofer

On the occasion of its 150th anniversary, the Federal Republic of Germany birthday a 5-D-Mark commemorative coin.

The Max von Pettenkofer Institute (Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology at the University of Munich) at the Munich University is named after Max von Pettenkofer.[21]

In Munich's Ludwigsvorstadt, Pettenkoferstrasse is named after him.

One type of bacteria is named after Pettenkofer: Staphylococcus pettenkoferi.

In Berlin-Friedrichshain, a primary school and a street are named after Pettenkofer.

The Bunsen-Pettenkofer plaque of honor from the German Gas and Water Association is named after him and Robert Bunsen.

The "Pettenkofer's Process", a painting restoration technique and a regeneration process for blinded varnish.[22]

The Pettenkofer School of Public Health (PSPH) is named after Max von Pettenkofer. The PSPHLMU is supported by the medical faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich as well as by the two cooperation partners, the Helmholtz Center Munich and the State Office for Health and Food Safety.

Education and career: Rubner attended the humanistic Max-Gymnasium in Munich and Sunday lectures at an industrial school. At the age of 15 he already owned a microscope and chemical apparatus. After graduating from high school, he studied medicine from 1873 to 1877 at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich with Adolf von Baeyer, in whose chemical laboratory he worked, and with the physiologist Carl von Voit. During his studies he became a member of the AGV Munich in the Sondershäuser Association.[1] He received his doctorate in 1878 with a thesis on the use of nutrients in the intestine. He remained an unpaid assistant at Voit until 1880. Here Rubner developed a new concept for researching the bioenergetics of metabolism. 1880/81 followed an academic year at the Physiological Institut
Erscheinungsort München
Material Papier
Sprache Deutsch
Autor Karl Kißkalt
Original/Faksimile Original
Genre Naturwissenschaft
Eigenschaften Erstausgabe
Eigenschaften Signiert
Erscheinungsjahr 1947
Produktart Handgeschriebenes Manuskript
  • Place of Publication: Munich
  • Material: Paper
  • Language: German
  • Author: Karl Kiss-cold
  • Original/Facsimile: Original
  • Genre: Science
  • Properties: First Edition, Signed
  • Date of Publication: 1947
  • Type: Handwritten Manuscript
  • Brand: Unbranded

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